92SN0177Jnne-~6~-~99R-6P6
July 22, 1992 BS
REQUEST ANALYSIS
AND
RECOMMENDATION
92SN0177
Chesterfield County General Services
Bermuda Magisterial District
Off the south line of Carver Heights Drive
REQUEST: Conditional Use to permit an electric power generating facility in an
Agricultural (A) District.
PROPOSED LAND USE:
The applicant plans to collect methane gas from the inactive
Chesterfield County Chester Landfill. The methane gas will then be
used to fuel generators to produce electricity for sale to Virginia
Power. It should be noted that at the present time, the methane gas
generated by the landfill is being vented and burned. Further detail
relative to the proposed operation is outlined in the attachment.
PLANNING COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION
RECOMMEND APPROVAL SUBJECT TO THE CONDITIONS ON PAGE 2.
STAFF RECO~gfENDATION
Recommend approval for the following reasons:
Although the Western Area Land Use and Transportation Plan designates
the property and surrounding area for residential use, the area has
been developed for industrial and commercial uses. In particular, the
request property is part of the inactive Chesterfield County Chester
Landfill and lies adjacent to construction/demolition/debris landfill.
Further, commercial uses exist on property in proximity to the request
site to the northeast. Therefore, operation of the proposed electric
power generating facility should not adversely affect existing area
development patterns.
The recommended conditions ensure land use compatibility with existing
and anticipated area development.
(NOTE: CONDITIONS MAY BE IMPOSED OR THE PROPERTY OWNER MAY PROFFER CONDITIONS.
THE CONDITIONS NOTED WITH "STAFF/CPC" WERE AGPRRD UPON BY BOTH STAFF AND THE
COMMISSION. CONDITIONS WITH ONLY A "STAFF" ARE RECOMM~ED SOLELY BY STAFF.
CONDITIONS WITH ONLY A "CPC" ARE ADDITIONAL CONDITIONS RECOMMENDED BY TI{E
PLANNING COMMISSION.)
CONDITION S
(STAFF/CPC)
With the exception of setbacks, development shall comply
with the requirements of the Zoning Ordinance for Heavy
Industrial (1-3) Districts in Emerging Growth Areas adjacent
to properties zoned Heavy Industrial (I-3). (P)
(NOTES: (a)
Setbacks must conform to the requirements of
the Zoning Ordinance for Agricultural (A)
Districts.
(b)
For the purposes of determining all other
applicable development standards and except
where the standards of the base Agricultural
(A) zoning are more restrictive, the
requirements of the Zoning Ordinance for
Heavy Industrial (I-3) Districts apply to the
request property.)
(STAFF/CPC)
Facilities shall be designed such that activities do not
generate noise levels above 60 dBa for more than six (6)
minutes during any hour (60 dBaL10(h)) between the hours of
7:00 a.m. and 7:00 p.m., or above 50 dba for more than six
(6) minutes during any hour (50 dBaL10(h)) between the hours
of 7:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m., measured at any point along the
south, east and west boundaries of Parcel 2 on Tax Map 131-3
(1) (i.e., Chesterfield County Chester Landfill). In
addition, facilities shall be designed such that activities
do not generate noise levels above 75 dba for more than six
(6) minutes during any hour (75 dBaL10(h)), measured at any
point on any other property adjacent to Parcel 2 on Tax Map
131-3 (1). The noise levels specified herein are exclusive
of ambient background noise.
At the request of the Planning Department, the
owner/developer/operator shall provide noise studies
acceptable to the Planning Department that demonstrate
compliance with these requirements. At the request of the
owner7developer, the Director of Planning may modify the
method of quantifying the noise environment (the noise
descriptor) outlined herein provided such modification
achieves the intent of the criteria specified herein. (P)
GENERAL INFORMATION
Location:
Lies off the south line of Carver Heights Drive, measured from a point west
of West Booker Boulevard. Tax Map 131-3 (1) Part of Parcel 2 (Sheets 31
and 40).
"~92SN0177/PC/JULY22J
Existing Zoning:
Size:
1.0 acre
Existing Land Use:
Inactive landfill
Adjacent Zoning & Land Use:
North - A with Conditional Use; Industrial (construction/demolition/debris
landfill)
South - A; Chesterfield County Chester Landfill (inactive)
East - A; Chesterfield County Chester Landfill (inactive)
West - A; Chesterfield County Chester Landfill (inactive)
PUBLIC FACILITIES
Utilities:
The application
for this case contains a description of the
"Blowers/Mechanical Chillers" process, and indicates that the condensate
extracted will be pumped into the County of Chesterfield's sanitary sewer
system. This is still under review by the Utilities Department, and will
be addressed further at site plan review. Specific comments/requirements
will be made at that time.
Drainage and Erosion:
Site drains to Swift Creek via tributaries and Lake Dale.
known on- or off-site drainage or
surrounding area is relatively flat.
easements to control runoff.
There are no
Fire Service:
erosion problems. However, the
May be necessary to obtain off-site
Chester Fire Station, Company #1. The proposed land use will not generate
additional need for fire protection services.
Transportation:
The proposed development will have a minimal impact on the existing
transportation network.
3 92SN0177/PC/JULY22J
~kND USE
General Plan:
Lies within the boundaries of the Western Area Land Use and Transportation
Plan which designates the property and surrounding area for low density
residential use (1.50 units per acre or less).
Area Development Trends:
The request property is the site of the inactive Chesterfield County
Chester Landfill. Property to the north and northeast is occupied by a
private landfill and a commercial use, respectively. Area properties to
the south, east and west of the Chesterfield County Chester Landfill are
zoned agriculturally and are occupied by single family residences,
agricultural activities or remain vacant.
Site Design:
The plan submitted with the application shows the facility occupying
approximately one (1) acre of the northern portion of the inactive
Chesterfield County Chester Landfill property. On this one (1) acre parcel
is proposed a block structure which will house methane gas powered engines,
electric turbines and other equipment. Mechanical equipment, such as that
associated with the methane gas recovery systems, engine heat exchangers
and exhaust stacks, would be located outside this structure.
The request property lies within the Emerging Growth Area. New
construction should conform to the development standards of the Zoning
Ordinance for 1-3 District in Emerging Growth Areas which address access,
parking, landscaping, architectural treatment, signs, utilities, and
screening of mechanical equipment and loading areas. However, given the
proximity of industrial-type uses on adjacent, agriculturally zoned
properties to the north, south, east and west, the setback and buffering
requirements of the Zoning Ordinance for industrial uses adjacent to
agriculturally zoned properties should not be imposed. (Condition 1)
Noise Impacts:
As noted herein, the request property lies in the vicinity of a mix of
residential, agricultural, commercial and industrial land uses. Given the
potential for adverse noise impacts from the operation, a condition
designed to address these concerns should be imposed (Condition 2). This
conditions is similar to sound conditions imposed on other development
where the potential exists for adverse noise impacts upon area land uses.
Architectural Treatment:
Imposition of recommended Condition 1 would require development to comply
with Emerging Growth standards for architectural treatment. Specifically,
imposition of Condition 1 would require that no building exterior which
would be visible to any agricultural district, other than agriculturally
zoned properties immediately adjacent to the request site, or any public
right of way consists of architectural materials inferior in quality,
~92SN0177/PC/JULY22J
appearance, or detail to any other exterior of the same building. %~here
is, however, nothing to preclude the use of different materials on
different building exteriors, but rather, the use of inferior materials on
sides which face adjoining property. No portion of a building constructed
of unadorned concrete block or corrugated and/or sheet metal could be
visible from any agricultural district, other than agriculturally zoned
properties immediately adjacent to the request site, or any public right of
way. No building exterior could be constructed of unpainted concrete block
or corrugated and/or sheet metal. Mechanical equipment, whether
ground-level or rooftop, would have to be shielded and screened from public
view and designed to be perceived as an integral part of the building.
Buffers & Screening:
As noted herein, adjacent properties are occupied by commercial and
industrial uses or the inactive Chesterfield County Chester Landfill;
therefore, buffers for the proposed electric power generating facility
should not be required. However, area properties beyond the limits of the
Chester Landfill to the south, east and west are zoned agriculturally and
existing and anticipated area development on these properties consist of a
mix of residential and agricultural uses. ~nerefore, the site should be
designed and buildings oriented so that loading areas are screened from
property where loading areas are prohibited. (Condition 1)
Air Quality:
The ¥irginia Department of Air Pollution Control regulates the emissions
generated by the burning of methane gas and other fuels on the request
property. Equipment must be designed and operated to comply with State
requirements.
Conclusions:
Although the Western Area Land Use and Transportation Plan designates the
property and surrounding area for residential use, the area has been
developed for industrial and commercial uses. In particular, the request
property is part of the inactive Chesterfield County Chester Landfill and
lies adjacent to an operating construction/demolition/debris landfill.
Further, commercial uses exist on property in proximity to the request site
to the northeast. Therefore, operation of the proposed electric power
generating facility should not adversely affect existing area development
patterns. In addition, the recommended conditions, if imposed, ensure land
use compatibility with existing and anticipated area residential
development. Therefore, approval of this request is recommended.
CASE HISTORY
Planning Commission Meeting (6/16/92):
The applicant accepted the recommendation.
present.
There was no opposition
5 92SN0177/PC/JULY22J
On motion of Mr. Cunningham, seconded by Mr. Easter, the Commission
recommended approval of this request subject to the conditions on page 2.
AYES: Unanimous.
Further, the Co~mmission found the facility to be in Substantial Accord with
the Comprehensive Plan.
The Board of Supervisors on Wednesday, July 22, 1992, beginning at 7:00 p.m.,
will take under consideration this request.
~" 6 ~92SN0177/PCfJIILY22J
BOARD ()F SUPEI1VI,~O[1S
IIAHFIY G, DANIEl.., CI IAIHMAN
ARItlUR S. WARREN, VICE CtlAIRMArt
fi[ OVEQ I III.L DIgHIICI
J. L. MCtlALE, III
WIIALEY M. OOLBE~[
EDWARD B. BA~BEH
CI lES ? 7£RHEL 1) CO UN .
P.O. Box 40
CI lES I EHFII:E_.I_D, VIRGINIA 23832-0040
MEMORANDUM
LANE B. RAMSEY
COUNIY ADMI~41SI RAIOR
TO:
Planning Department
FROM:
Timothy W. retry, Solid Waste Manager
DATE:
April 20, 1992
SUBJECT: Condi_tional Use Permit for Closed Chester Landfill
'['he attached documonl:'.~ constitute a request for a conditional use
permit to allow tile con-true]lea and operation of a cogeneration
facility on tl)e closed Chester Landfill. This facility is
designed to control, adverse -nvlronmental impacts from the
e '
potential migration of methane gas from the closed landfill. The
gas will be collected and burned in generators which will produce
electricity which wi l[ be sold to Virginia Power.
BACKGROUND
The Chester~Lalldfill operated from 1972 to 1985. The landfill
was built, operate{] and closed, according to the prevailing
standards at tile time, and consequently has no liner and was
inadequately capped. Due to concerns about the environmental
impact of thq facility, tile Board of Supervisors authorized
extensive repairs to tile facility, beginning in 1988. Since that
time approximately 40 acres of tile 57 acre site has been covered
with a synthetic membrane cap, and over 130 methane gas
collect.ion wel.~s have been installed. This work is being done
under a $1.7 million contract with Virginia Biofuel, Inc. This
contract gives Virginia Biofuel the rights to any methane gas in
tile landfill.
The project for which the Conditional Use is being sought
consists of tile con.qtruction and operation of a cogeneratlon
facility which is fueled by methane gas recovered from the
landfill. Metllane is a natural by-product of decomposition of
organic matter and is a management problem at all landfills.
Currently, the gas at tile Chester Landfill is being collected and
burned in a simple flare. While this is an effective method of
controlling the gas, it wastes a valuable source of energy, and
provides only minima] air quality protection. This project will
turn tile methane into e.lectricity, and improve the quality of the
air emissions from tile si. re.
April 20, 1992
Page 2
Tile County does not foresee any detrimental effects on surrounding
properties from this project. The one acre area that will be
used for the generator building is located at the extreme
northern end of the 57 acre property. This area is adjacent to
the Shoosmith debris landfill, and the W.T. Curd Landscaping
Company equipme~it silo[) and storage area. There will be no
increase in traffic as a result of this project. The only
offsite modifications will be the addition of a T-bar and three
new power iines ol] existing utility poles. The generators will
be J. nstalled ill a block building to provide protection from the
elements and noise suppression.
Ail applicable state and local permits will be obtained prior to
beginning construction.
Ally questions should
Manager at 748-1215.
be directed to Tim Perry,
Solid Waste
FUNNELL
INDUSTRIES , INC.
WASTE-TO-ENERGY PLANT
Prepared by: Jason D. Funnell
New Projects Director
April 8th, 1992
Scope of Work
The implementation of a W-T-E system involves four main areas:
wells, LFG collection system, gas scrubbing system, and gas engines
and electrical switchgear. These main areas are outlined here in
the 'Scope of Work'
After installing wells and a LFG collection system, the
quantity of gas is monitored so that the correct size W-T-E
facility can be determined. This step is important especially on
large landfills because it is difficult to determine the Megawatt
potential from just landfill size and amount of refuse in a
landfill. Our experience in this area is key to the overall W-T-E
system.
Once the plant size has been determined, FII will construct a
gas scrubbing system and the generating plant. Our proprietary gas
scrubbing system is the key to ensuring the life of the gas
turbines and the plants operating availability. This is because
LFG contains water, particulates, and heavy metals which will harm
the gas engines. The gas engines, generator sets, and associated
electrical switchgear come as a complete set from Caterpillar Inc.
Finally, FII will upgrade the electricity to meet the local
utilities demands. A typical W-T-E system lay out is displayed in
the following figure.
Wells
During the first months of operation, the landfill will be
tested for areas where the landfill gas has pressure, but has not
been explored. Based on past experience, there could be enough
unexplored gas so the wells could be increased. The method to be
used in testing, determines accurate measurement of the available
gas and insures effective recovery. Following testing, those
areas will be drilled and additional wells will be installed.
All spoils created by new well installation will be disposed off-
site in a properly licensed solid waste management facility.
The depths of the wells will terminate five feet above the
base of the landfi]_l. The well probe consists of six inch PVC
pipe which is perforated from the base of the probe to ten feet
below the landfill cap. The perforated section extracts gas
through the various layers of the landfill. The last fifteen
feet of the pipe is solid to prevent the suction of air into the
landfill. The wells have a proprietary design which buffers the
gas as it is being drawn from the landfill. These buffers
literally knock out a large percentage of condensate, thus
insuring that the condensate, if any remains in the landfill.
The probe is then reduced from six to four inches wide where the
probe intersects the landfill cap and continues into the well
head.
At the base of the well head there is a membrane collar
twenty feet by twenty feet (20X20) which seals the well from any
liquids penetrating into the landfill. It is six millimeters
thick and made of a durable polyethylene. This type of membrane
has been found to be most efficient in this geographic area and
environment. This has a dual benefit. It prevents air (oxygen)
from being drawn into the landfill and does not allow any liquids
to penetrate the landfill. Note that oxygen destroys the
anaerobic process and can be quite explosive when in contact with
landfill gas. Below the membrane are two, two inch seals of
bentonite. Bentonite has historically proven to be the most
satisfactory method for sealing wells and is preferable to
concrete. Neither the bentonite nor the membrane will lose their
plasticity or imperviousness through the settling effects'of the
landfill.
The well head protrudes three feet above the cap of the
landfill. This connects to a 4X2 tee and terminates with a cap
two inches directly above the tee. Connected off the tee is a
two inch PVC ball valve connected by 4X2 reducers. These are
then connected to tile collection system by a two inch
polyethylene pipe. The purpose of the ball valve is to enable
complete control of the vacuum. The vacuum controls the gas flow
from the wells to the collection system. A sample valve is
inserted into the well head for sampling of landfill gas. If the
sample indicates any degree of oxygen, the ball valve is closed,
reducing oxygen and preserving the anaerobic action. The well
heads built-in flexibility prevents breakage or cracking which
T~ndEill ~ainaqe syslcm~
Typical VBF well hex)k-up
leacha[e seepage be. lore
V.pi? I.,and f: ill c.losut-e
~' PVC ]]ALL REHOVA]~E ~AP TO EN^~LE L£ACHAI[ PUMPING
-- AND ~AC1ERIA INOCULATION
COUPtlHG
PIPE
° PE ~DR
' PIPE TOPS~IL
~A~DLE
~EN~UI~E COLLAP
CLAY
---4' PVC ~J~t140 PIPE
PLASTIC Y~EHJ~RAJ~:
RA~E DP
LANDrILL
PERFQRATE~ PIPE
~R~'~P~0 V/ 4 OZ.
FILLER FABRIC
FUNNELL INDUSTRIES, INC,
NB SCALE
TYPICAL LANDFILL GAS ~/ELL
Installed FII Well.
Installing Well Apron
tI
can cause gas to escape or iutrusion of air into the pipe. Ail
external PVC will_ be painted to reduce deterioration of the PVC
by ultraviolet rays.
Collection headers
The LFG col /ection system Js a series of lateral pipes
connect.ing each we].l. Lo a main lleader pipe and then to a blower.
This system is designed to efficiently transport landfill gas
from tile wells to the gas cleansing and scrubbing devices without
the usual problenxs of a LFG collection system. The main header
pipe encompasses the landfill in a circular fashion. This has
tile effect of equalizing tile pressure inside tile header pipe so
that tile vacuum J_s consistent throughout the wellfield. If for
example the header pipe was not equalized in pressure then tile
wells closest to the blower would receive the greatest vacuum. A
typical wellfie[d with an encompassing header pipe is outlined in
the following diagram.
The coi.l_oction system i.s des.igned to recover sufficient gas
to fuel tile Cai:er_pi. liar engine generator sets. The same will be
true of Phase II. Generation, for each phase, will be
approximately 3.20 MW requiring 14,000 BTU/KWt{ or approximately
45.5 million BTU/hour which equates to approximately 1600 scfm of
landfill gas. In s iz.i_ng tile pipes to be used in this project,
the size is determined by tl~e expected amount of gas plus an
additional margin capacity.
Tile existing portion of the collection header is made of PVC
Schedule 40 pipe while any ad(1i_tional collection header will be
made of a more durable polyethylene ("PE") pipe system because of
its flexibility al~d its ability to withstand the stress caused by
settling due to tile conversion of waste material to gas. Note
that household and commercial waste may settle as much as twenty-
five percent. Therefore, the collection system for this project
is specifically designed to compensate for settling. Eventually
we would like the entire collection header to be PE piping.
Polyethylene piping systems are joined by the butt fusion
technique. This procedure uses controlled temperatures and
pressure to produce a fused, leakfree joint that is stronger than
the pipe itself in tension and l~ydrostatic loading. The butt
fusion joint is recognized in the industry as a joining system of
high integrity and re]_iability. Polyethylene may also be joined
to itself and transition to other materials with flanges,
compression couplings and by other mechanical means.
'I'YPICAL LFG COLLEC'[ION SYS'I EM
Welding polyethylene header lines
Skid mounted FII blower unit
ready for transport
This coilection system .is also designed to avoid:
-- Unequal settlement of pipes, causing a water block.
It is extremely difficult to locate problems within a
buried system.
-- Plugging of "water traps" causing tile pipe to fill with
water.
-- Breaks in tile piping or fittings, causing air leaks.
-- Corrosion requiring time consuming and expensive repairs.
Note that gas attacks steel, brass, and aluminum
Expansion and contraction of tile pipe, which can cause
unsuitable materials to leak.
"Silting" in pies and water traps.
Air intrusion, causing deterioration in the gas quality.
Blowers/Mechanical Chillers
Gas is drawn from tile landfill wells and collection system
using blowers. The purpose of these electrically motor driven
blowers J.n an extraction system is two-fold. First, to extract
the gas under a vacuum. Second, to deliver the gas at the
required pressure to the internal combustion engines. Drawing
tile landfill gas out of the landfill, the blower will transport
it into the gas scrubbing system. Seventy percent of the
condensate wi]_l be extracted from the landfill gas by using
mec]~anical chili, ers to coo.l. [:lie I,FG. Tile condensate will be
pumped J. nto tile
system.
The positive displacement type blower is especially suitable
for the extracting and pumpiilg of landfill gas, prohibiting any
leakage. A silencer will be installed on the blower to control
the ambient noise levels.
Gas Coolant
Raw compressed gas, when pressurized, can increase up to a
temperature of 400 degrees F. Internal combustion engines
operate efficiently with gas temperatures at 80 degrees F..
Manufacturers recommend that tile fuel gas should not exceed 110
degrees F. Tile Mechanical Chiller employed for this project will
reduce tile gas temperature down to 50 degrees F. The capacity of
this cooler to reduce the gas to tile low level of 50 degrees
allows for tile increase in temperature through tile absorption bed
and manifold system, with a projected temperature rise of 30
degrees F. When tile gas is lowered to this temperature of 50
degrees, condensation is formed. A liquid moisture separator is
installed aft the air cooler automatically draining the
condensation storage tanks.
Mecanical chiller to cool I, FG
Glycol reconcentrator and
reconcentrator stack
Glycol contactor (LFG scrubber)
Glycol boiler and heat
transfer system. Heat
transfer oil is heated in
the exhaust stack and then
in turn heats the glycol
in the heat exchanger
Gas c 1 e an s i nq_~a nd_s__c_r u_b.__b~} g _ ~ ~ey__i c~e s-
Again, prior to the ]audf.i].l gas being introduced into the
engine generator system, iL must be processed through a
scrubbing system to remove water and particulates. In we will
use a glycol dehydration system, or a liquid sorption
dehumidification system, for this purpose.
Liquid sorption dehumi_dJ, fication systems pass the gas
through sprays of a ]._i. qui(l sorbent such as a glycol solution.
The sorbent, ill active state, has a vapor pressure below that of
gas to be dehumidified and absorbs moisture from the gas stream.
The sorbent solution, during the process of absorption, becomes
diluted with moisture, l)urJng regeneration the moisture is given
up to all outdoor a.i. rstream Ju which tile solution is heated. A
partial bleed off of the solution is used for continuous
reconcentration of the sorber~t in a closed circuit between and
spraying or contractor unit arrd tile regenerator unit.
For dehumidJfyi, ng, tire strong absorbent solution is pumped
from the sump of tl~e u~i_t a]ld sprayed over the contactor coil.
Gas to be corrditio~ed passes over the contactor coil and comes in
intimate contact with the hygroscopic solution. Gas flow can be
parallel_ with, or counter ~;o, the sprayed solution flow,
depending on the space and ap~l icat[on requirements.
The degree of dehumJ, dJ f.i cation depends ou the concentration,
temperature, and characteristics of tile hygroscopic solution.
Moisture is absorbed from tl~e gas because of tile vapor pressure
difference between tile gas and tile liquid absorbent. The
moisture content of tire out].et gas can be precisely maintained by
varying the coolant flow ill the coil to control the sorbent
solution contact temperature. Continuous regeneration maintains
the absorbent solution at tile proper concentration.
The heat generated in absorbing moisture from the gas
consists of latent heat of conde~sation of water vapor and the
heat of solution, or tile heat of mixing, of the water and the
absorbent. The heat of mixing varies with the liquid absorbent
used and with tire concentration and temperature of the absorbent.
Tile solution is maintained at the required temperature by cooling
with city, well, refrigerat.o.d or cooling tower water, or by
refrigerant flowing i_nside the tubes of the contactor coil.
The total heat that must be removed by the conditioner coil
consists of tile heat of absorption, sensible heat removed from
tile gas, and tire residual, heat load added by tile regeneration
process. This residual heat load can be reduced substantially by
using a two sump econom_i, zer system or a liquid to liquid heat
exchanger. In the two sump economizer system a small amount of
the cool-d_i, lute absorbent solution is metered to the regeneration
system and topi. aced by a small, amount of warm, highly
concentrated so]uti, on. The system reduces tile heat load on the
conditioner cool_i_ng coil, thus reducing the amount of coolant
required.
Since the contactor coil is the heat-transfer surface,
proper selection of a specific absorbent solution concentration
and temperature can create the desired space temperature and
humidity conditions. The dry bulb temperature of the gas leaving
the liquid absorbent contactor at a constant flow rate is a
function of the temperature of tile liquid absorbent and the
amount of contact surface between the gas and the solution.
The liquid absorbent is maintained at the proper
concentration for moisture removal by automatically removing the
water from it. A small quantity of the solution, usually 10 to
20% of the flow to tile contactor coils, is passed over the
regenerator coil_, where the ]_J_quid is heated with steam of
another heating medium. The ].iquid absorbents commonly used may
be regenerated with steam at about 2 to 25 psig. The vapor
pressure of the liquid absorbent at temperatures corresponding to
about 2 psig steam is considerably higher than that of the
outdoor air. The hot solution, at relatively high vapor
pressure, contacts outdoor air in tile regenerator. The vapor
pressure difference between tire outdoor air and tile hot solution
causes tile air to absorb the water from tile solution. The hot
moist air from the regenerator is discharged to tile outdoors and
the concentrated solutJo, f].ows to tile sump,where is mixed with
tile di].ute solution. The so.lution is then ready for another
cycle.
If LFG analysis shows a high degree of ash or sulphur
content, then an ash and/or su].phur removal system will be added
to remove these harmful particulates.
ENGINE/GENERATOR SETS
FII has chosen Caterpillar Inc. to manufacture the gas
engines, associated control systems, and associated electrical
switchgear. Caterpillar Inc. i.s a worldwide leader in tile design,
manufacture and installation of industrial gas engines.
Caterpillar' s fi fry years of successful integration of high
technology into gas compression, liquid pumping and industrial
power generation and cogeneration applications have made it a world
leader in its field.
We have chosen Caterpi./lar's 3516 SITA spark ignited engine
generator set for our W-T-E system applications. The 3516 was
designed especially for low btu fuel on landfill applications. The
engine performance has been optimized to meet EPA site laws for
stationary gas engines while still maintaining excellent bsfc
values within the broad operating range of the engine. The major
components of the 3516 engi. ne generator sets are listed as follows:
engine, generator, s'tart system, fuel system, lube oil system,
control system, gearbox, air inlet system, exhaust system, and
ignition system. }{ere we outli~ne some of the key features of the
3516 spark _ignited eng{.ne generator set.
The landfill gas fuel system includes all components
necessary to properly schedule the fuel during starting and
operation from no load to full load. The fuel system is
modified to operate on landfill, medium Btu gas. (300-500
Btu/scl) .
The control system provides for automatic starting,
acceleration to idle speed, and sequencing control as the
engine _is accelerated to operating speed. During operation,
the system monitors the engine and in the event of an
operation malfunction, activates an electrical circuit to
indicate the nature of the trouble, and to cause emergency
s hu tdown.
Skid frame-is designed to allow lifting without damage to
tile installed components. Mounting of the skid is four-
point, with jacking screws provided for proper leveling and
alignment.
The el~gi, ne is desig~ed to meet low emission standards. The
].ow emlssion arrangement easily meets NOx emission levels
of 2 g/bhp-h, and provides tile best mechanical efficiency.
The 3516 represents the latest technology in engine design.
All 3516 engines will. be offered naturally aspirated and
turbocharged/aftercooled with two air/fuel ratios, standard
and low elnissions.
Electrical Switch Gear / tliqh Voltaqe Transformers / Breakers /
Transmission Lines
The 4160V three phase p(~wer generated by each of the four
3516 Caterpillar 800kW generators is sent into a circuit breaker,
one for each of the four generators. From here it is sent onto a
common bus through the main circuit breakers and into two 2000
KVA Transformers. The transformers step tile 4160 volts up to
utility specifications which .is then sent into the utility
transmission line. This procedure for electrical generation is
the same for both phases.
All wiring, fusing, and grounding will comply with national
electrical ordinances, LILCO, and the New York State Electrical
Underwriters. All line currents have been properly sized,
meeting the above codes. The switch gear will meet the codes and
utility company specifications, including stringent safety
requirements.
The electricity will then be transported to 3~ by way of
their transmission lines. ~,~,¼~ ~c~
LaMarche battery chargers
Switchgear control room
Transformers and SF-6 Ci~rcuit Breaker
Transmission lines
installed by FII
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